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Bone & Joint Imaging 101: Sprains, Fractures, Back-Pain & More

X-ray, MRI, CT & ultrasound—how we choose scans for sore knees, aching backs, arthritis, or possible fractures.

Updated over 3 months ago

📌 Start simple: Plain X-ray or ultrasound first. MRI or CT follow only if deeper detail is needed.

Study

Typical insurer criteria

Why it matters

Notes & prep

X-ray (2–3 views)

Trauma, swelling, pain > 1 wk, suspected fracture/arthritis

Finds breaks, dislocations, advanced arthritis.

No pre-auth; low dose.

MSK ultrasound

Tendon, ligament, bursa pain; palpable mass

Dynamic view of rotator cuff, Achilles, effusions.

No radiation; office-based.

MRI (no contrast)

Persistent pain, suspected meniscus/ACL tear, disc herniation

Gold standard for soft tissue & marrow.

30 – 45 min; auth needed.

MRI (with contrast)

Labral tear, osteomyelitis, tumor work-up

Highlights inflammation, tumors.

IV gadolinium; check kidneys.

CT (no contrast)

Complex fracture planning, small bone detail

3-D bony map; quick.

Higher dose; auth often.

DEXA scan

Women 65 +, men 70 +, earlier if risk

Screens osteoporosis.

Very low dose.

Typical sequence

  1. X-ray for trauma/chronic pain.

  2. Ultrasound ± injection for tendon/bursa issues.

  3. MRI if pain persists > 4–6 wks or neuro signs.

  4. CT for complex fractures/pre-op.

📌 Red-flags: sudden limb weakness, open fracture, feverish joint—seek urgent care.

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